%matplotlib inline
Probability Calibration for 3-class classification¶
This example illustrates how sigmoid calibration <calibration> changes
predicted probabilities for a 3-class classification problem. Illustrated is
the standard 2-simplex, where the three corners correspond to the three
classes. Arrows point from the probability vectors predicted by an uncalibrated
classifier to the probability vectors predicted by the same classifier after
sigmoid calibration on a hold-out validation set. Colors indicate the true
class of an instance (red: class 1, green: class 2, blue: class 3).
Data¶
Below, we generate a classification dataset with 2000 samples, 2 features and 3 target classes. We then split the data as follows:
- train: 600 samples (for training the classifier)
- valid: 400 samples (for calibrating predicted probabilities)
- test: 1000 samples
Note that we also create X_train_valid and y_train_valid, which consists
of both the train and valid subsets. This is used when we only want to train
the classifier but not calibrate the predicted probabilities.
# Author: Jan Hendrik Metzen <[email protected]>
# License: BSD Style.
import numpy as np
from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs
np.random.seed(0)
X, y = make_blobs(n_samples=2000, n_features=2, centers=3, random_state=42,
cluster_std=5.0)
X_train, y_train = X[:600], y[:600]
X_valid, y_valid = X[600:1000], y[600:1000]
X_train_valid, y_train_valid = X[:1000], y[:1000]
X_test, y_test = X[1000:], y[1000:]
Fitting and calibration¶
First, we will train a :class:~sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier
with 25 base estimators (trees) on the concatenated train and validation
data (1000 samples). This is the uncalibrated classifier.
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
clf = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=25)
clf.fit(X_train_valid, y_train_valid)
To train the calibrated classifier, we start with the same
:class:~sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier but train it using only
the train data subset (600 samples) then calibrate, with method='sigmoid',
using the valid data subset (400 samples) in a 2-stage process.
from sklearn.calibration import CalibratedClassifierCV
clf = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=25)
clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
cal_clf = CalibratedClassifierCV(clf, method="sigmoid", cv="prefit")
cal_clf.fit(X_valid, y_valid)
Compare probabilities¶
Below we plot a 2-simplex with arrows showing the change in predicted probabilities of the test samples.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
colors = ["r", "g", "b"]
clf_probs = clf.predict_proba(X_test)
cal_clf_probs = cal_clf.predict_proba(X_test)
# Plot arrows
for i in range(clf_probs.shape[0]):
plt.arrow(clf_probs[i, 0], clf_probs[i, 1],
cal_clf_probs[i, 0] - clf_probs[i, 0],
cal_clf_probs[i, 1] - clf_probs[i, 1],
color=colors[y_test[i]], head_width=1e-2)
# Plot perfect predictions, at each vertex
plt.plot([1.0], [0.0], 'ro', ms=20, label="Class 1")
plt.plot([0.0], [1.0], 'go', ms=20, label="Class 2")
plt.plot([0.0], [0.0], 'bo', ms=20, label="Class 3")
# Plot boundaries of unit simplex
plt.plot([0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0], 'k', label="Simplex")
# Annotate points 6 points around the simplex, and mid point inside simplex
plt.annotate(r'($\frac{1}{3}$, $\frac{1}{3}$, $\frac{1}{3}$)',
xy=(1.0/3, 1.0/3), xytext=(1.0/3, .23), xycoords='data',
arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05),
horizontalalignment='center', verticalalignment='center')
plt.plot([1.0/3], [1.0/3], 'ko', ms=5)
plt.annotate(r'($\frac{1}{2}$, $0$, $\frac{1}{2}$)',
xy=(.5, .0), xytext=(.5, .1), xycoords='data',
arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05),
horizontalalignment='center', verticalalignment='center')
plt.annotate(r'($0$, $\frac{1}{2}$, $\frac{1}{2}$)',
xy=(.0, .5), xytext=(.1, .5), xycoords='data',
arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05),
horizontalalignment='center', verticalalignment='center')
plt.annotate(r'($\frac{1}{2}$, $\frac{1}{2}$, $0$)',
xy=(.5, .5), xytext=(.6, .6), xycoords='data',
arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05),
horizontalalignment='center', verticalalignment='center')
plt.annotate(r'($0$, $0$, $1$)',
xy=(0, 0), xytext=(.1, .1), xycoords='data',
arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05),
horizontalalignment='center', verticalalignment='center')
plt.annotate(r'($1$, $0$, $0$)',
xy=(1, 0), xytext=(1, .1), xycoords='data',
arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05),
horizontalalignment='center', verticalalignment='center')
plt.annotate(r'($0$, $1$, $0$)',
xy=(0, 1), xytext=(.1, 1), xycoords='data',
arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black', shrink=0.05),
horizontalalignment='center', verticalalignment='center')
# Add grid
plt.grid(False)
for x in [0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0]:
plt.plot([0, x], [x, 0], 'k', alpha=0.2)
plt.plot([0, 0 + (1-x)/2], [x, x + (1-x)/2], 'k', alpha=0.2)
plt.plot([x, x + (1-x)/2], [0, 0 + (1-x)/2], 'k', alpha=0.2)
plt.title("Change of predicted probabilities on test samples "
"after sigmoid calibration")
plt.xlabel("Probability class 1")
plt.ylabel("Probability class 2")
plt.xlim(-0.05, 1.05)
plt.ylim(-0.05, 1.05)
_ = plt.legend(loc="best")
In the figure above, each vertex of the simplex represents a perfectly predicted class (e.g., 1, 0, 0). The mid point inside the simplex represents predicting the three classes with equal probability (i.e., 1/3, 1/3, 1/3). Each arrow starts at the uncalibrated probabilities and end with the arrow head at the calibrated probability. The color of the arrow represents the true class of that test sample.
The uncalibrated classifier is overly confident in its predictions and
incurs a large log loss <log_loss>. The calibrated classifier incurs
a lower log loss <log_loss> due to two factors. First, notice in the
figure above that the arrows generally point away from the edges of the
simplex, where the probability of one class is 0. Second, a large proportion
of the arrows point towards the true class, e.g., green arrows (samples where
the true class is 'green') generally point towards the green vertex. This
results in fewer over-confident, 0 predicted probabilities and at the same
time an increase in the the predicted probabilities of the correct class.
Thus, the calibrated classifier produces more accurate predicted probablities
that incur a lower log loss <log_loss>
We can show this objectively by comparing the log loss <log_loss> of
the uncalibrated and calibrated classifiers on the predictions of the 1000
test samples. Note that an alternative would have been to increase the number
of base estimators (trees) of the
:class:~sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier which would have resulted
in a similar decrease in log loss <log_loss>.
from sklearn.metrics import log_loss
score = log_loss(y_test, clf_probs)
cal_score = log_loss(y_test, cal_clf_probs)
print("Log-loss of")
print(f" * uncalibrated classifier: {score:.3f}")
print(f" * calibrated classifier: {cal_score:.3f}")
Finally we generate a grid of possibile uncalibrated probabilities over the 2-simplex, compute the corresponding calibrated probabilities and plot arrows for each. The arrows are colored according the highest uncalibrated probability. This illustrates the learned calibration map:
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
# Generate grid of probability values
p1d = np.linspace(0, 1, 20)
p0, p1 = np.meshgrid(p1d, p1d)
p2 = 1 - p0 - p1
p = np.c_[p0.ravel(), p1.ravel(), p2.ravel()]
p = p[p[:, 2] >= 0]
# Use the three class-wise calibrators to compute calibrated probabilities
calibrated_classifier = cal_clf.calibrated_classifiers_[0]
prediction = np.vstack([calibrator.predict(this_p)
for calibrator, this_p in
zip(calibrated_classifier.calibrators, p.T)]).T
# Re-normalize the calibrated predictions to make sure they stay inside the
# simplex. This same renormalization step is performed internally by the
# predict method of CalibratedClassifierCV on multiclass problems.
prediction /= prediction.sum(axis=1)[:, None]
# Plot changes in predicted probabilities induced by the calibrators
for i in range(prediction.shape[0]):
plt.arrow(p[i, 0], p[i, 1],
prediction[i, 0] - p[i, 0], prediction[i, 1] - p[i, 1],
head_width=1e-2, color=colors[np.argmax(p[i])])
# Plot the boundaries of the unit simplex
plt.plot([0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0], 'k', label="Simplex")
plt.grid(False)
for x in [0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0]:
plt.plot([0, x], [x, 0], 'k', alpha=0.2)
plt.plot([0, 0 + (1-x)/2], [x, x + (1-x)/2], 'k', alpha=0.2)
plt.plot([x, x + (1-x)/2], [0, 0 + (1-x)/2], 'k', alpha=0.2)
plt.title("Learned sigmoid calibration map")
plt.xlabel("Probability class 1")
plt.ylabel("Probability class 2")
plt.xlim(-0.05, 1.05)
plt.ylim(-0.05, 1.05)
plt.show()